Hospitality sales and marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Accommodation deals and promoting - Case Study Example Since it is an imperative segment of advertising, item improvement decides if a business prevails in its industry. In this specific circumstance, the term item advancement consolidates administrations, subsequently its application to support based enterprises. Since the start of the twentieth century, firms have gotten progressively dependent on the prevalence of their items over pick up and keep up upper hand. Lee (2013) contends that the significance of the item is clear in hypothetical and down to earth information, encapsulated by the thought that the item goes before every single other prerequisite for beginning a business. The item is likewise considered by numerous researchers to be the most significant of all Ps (Cunill, 2012). It, hence, follows that item improvement is a crucial part of business development. This prompts one of the most widely recognized strategic policies and a significant wellspring of upper hand: combination. At the point when organizations coordinate, they do as such to empower development and control in a particular industry. There are two sorts of joining that can be utilized by any organization to give an organization more prominent more nearness in any market: even and vertical reconciliation (Evans, Campbell and Stonehouse, 2012). This writing audit will lean towards the last as it is pertinent to the subject. As per Fazlollahi, Franke and Ullberg (2012), verifiably, firms utilized vertical mix to impact access to restricted assets. In the contemporary business setting, organizations are broken down both inside and remotely, and they participate in various joint endeavors and key partnerships as a component of their development systems (Lahiri and Narayanan, 2013). It has even gotten normal for companies to redistribute even those procedures that are generally seen as key. Probably the best instances of vertical incorporation can be found in the oil division. During the 70s and 80s, various firms were associated with the prospecting and

Gillette’s Acquisiton of Duracell Essay

The motivation behind this report is to initially talk about the reasons why Duracell’s execution has been diminishing in the course of recent years, and afterward suggest some vital moves Gillette should make to turn Duracell around. This report will start by giving a concise presentation on the securing of Duracell by Gillette, trailed by the reasons it needed achievement, lastly end with the proposed suggestions for Duracell. As of now, Gillette’s working fragments incorporate individual prepping, little machines, and oral consideration items, and the versatile force portion. In the convenient force fragment, Duracell’s significant contenders comprise of Energizer and Rayovac while new and developing ones included Sony, Kodak, Panasonic, and other private name brands. The aggregate passage of these rivals during the 1990s is the essential purposes behind Gillette’s absence of accomplishment in the battery business, talked about underneath. The key explanation Gillette has been not able to make a similar progress in batteries that it has with shaving items is because of the serious elements in the soluble battery industry. The time of four years from 1997 to 2000 experienced quick mechanical development in the soluble battery industry by the significant players as well as from new and little contestants in the business. Two of these little players were Sony and Panasonic. Sony presented its â€Å"Stamina Line† of batteries in 1997, which was immediately trailed by Panasonic’s â€Å"Panasonic Plus† to rival Duracell’s â€Å"Copper top† line. Around the same time, the Rayovac Corporation supplanted its current battery with the Rayovac â€Å"Maximum† and estimated the item at 20 percent beneath the two business goliaths †Duracell and Energizer. In the next year (1998), be that as it may, Gillette propelled its first update of Duracell’s contributions named the â€Å"Duracell Ultra†. This new line didn't supplant the first â€Å"Copper Top† line that was rivaling the result of Sony and Panasonic in the earlier year yet rather, followed Gillette’s customary move with shaving updates of setting a premium on its things. Along these lines, Ultra was valued at a 20 percent premium over the more established innovation. In any case, the opposition was all the while pouring in. The approach of Energizer’s â€Å"Advanced Formula† happened to be in a similar month as Gillette’s Ultra and was professed to last nine percent longer than the than the Ultra. The significant disadvantage for Gillette, in any case, was that no value premium was set on the new overhaul by Energizer and was presented at a similar value point as its past item. Rather than Energizer’s overhaul just as firm rivalry from different players, Gillette propelled the â€Å"new† Ultra in February of 1999 which asserted better execution. This was invalidated by Energizer’s â€Å"super premium† line of batteries depicted as e2 (propelled in June 2000) and was evaluated four to six percent higher than Ultra. At long last, around the same time, Duracell declared its third era of Ultra with more effectiveness however no expansion in cost. This all indicated Gillette’s irregularity as far as evaluating and absence of technique. Plainly the acquaintance of the Ultra drove with a progression of new developments of soluble batteries by both Energizer and Gillette. Gillette had trusted that its advancements would be separated items and be seen industry-wide as novel and esteemed. Be that as it may, the organization set too high a value premium so as to accomplish separation for batteries and clients basically didn't acknowledge the value/execution suggestion Duracell offered its clients. Further, the separation methodology that must give uniqueness esteemed by clients didn't exist as clients saw batteries to be products. One distribution of Consumer Reports even demonstrated that the â€Å"moral on battery shopping is straightforward: purchase by cost. This unmistakably repudiates Gillett’s methodology of cost premiums for separated contributions and is the prime purpose behind Gillette’s absence of accomplishment. In different fragments of Gillette’s business, for example, individual prepping, clients are eager to pay premiums for shaving items since they feel a connection to those items as they are utilized every day. Endeavoring to move this system onto batteries didn't work since clients saw batteries as a product not utilized in their day by day schedule. Then again, organizations like Rayovac have essentially followed a cost administration system and have seen increments in their working edge of 32% from 1998 to 1999 and 66% from 1999 to 2000, individually. The purposes behind Gillett’s absence of accomplishment in batteries have been laid out above. As far as vital moves that Gillette should make, it first needs to veer off from its â€Å"differentiation† just arrangement that it has utilized for its shaving items since obviously batteries are seen as a ware and clients won't acknowledge significant expense premiums. The proposed suggestion is to accomplish upper hand by incorporating a general cost administration procedure with separation. This kind of technique is commonly harder for contenders to copy and will empower Gillette to give two sorts of significant worth to clients: separated properties (high caliber in batteries, notoriety) and lower costs (through lower costs in esteem making exercises). The thought is to give special incentive to clients in a proficient way. As it were, Gillette needs to embrace the cost initiative procedure and achieve equality based on separation comparative with contenders. Duracell should have the option to remain â€Å"on par† with contenders concerning separated items. Basically, the organization needs to seek after by and large cost administration positions in its batteries fragment, yet needs to focus on developing better basic batteries. In progressively reasonable terms, Gillette would first be able to accomplish cost separation with a forceful way to deal with receiving productive scale offices. Tight expense and overhead control can prompt economies of scale where per unit costs will essentially diminish with bigger creation runs, bigger offices, and assigning fixed costs, (for example, promoting and R&D) across more units delivered. Then again, shutting down plants in zones of drooping deals can prompt more prominent efficiencies in costs. Together, these arrangements will shield Gillette from contention of contenders, for example, Energizer and Rayovac (and new contestants) due to Duracell’s solid existing piece of the pie (43%) and notoriety in the business. Also, Gillette needs to take out little costs that can cumulate over some stretch of time to yield considerable increases. For instance, showcasing costs have gathered to $370 million from 1998 to 2000 basically in view of new item dispatches every year except without need for batteries. These costs can be constrained by just directing auxiliary statistical surveying and dissecting outside sources all the more cautiously, for example, Consumer Reports as they have demonstrated that purchasers are purchasing batteries by cost. At long last, Duracell can even now give its clients the remarkable worth they want through its notoriety and brand steadfastness. Presenting a better than ever item with high caliber at regular intervals (as opposed to consistently) will permit clients to look for new quality and worth while keeping up client steadfastness. These are the proposed proposals for Gillette while considering a turnaround technique for the compact force portion and Duracell.

New Scholarship Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Scholarship Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog When I hear about new scholarship opportunities that might apply to our applicants I typically post them in two places this blog and our Database of External Fellowships.     I am happy to report that last spring an incoming SIPA student was awarded a $23,000 scholarship that he found out about by reading this blog.   It can literally pay to subscribe. Yesterday I became aware of a scholarship opportunity for graduates of Seoul National University that are admitted to SIPA.   While you must be actually enrolled in our program to apply, this is something to keep on your radar if you are a graduate of Seoul National University and are admitted and join us in the future. For more information on this program, sponsored by the Seoul National University Alumni Association of Greater New York, you can contact Mr. Ki Ro Sung at kirosung[at]hotmail.com or Dr. Yule Kim at jongyulekim[at]yahoo.com. For those of you that do not qualify for this program, I recommend you reach out to your own alumni association to find out if similar opportunities are available.

When the Recession of the Late 2000s Began and Ended

The recession that began in the late 2000s was, to date, the worst economic downturn in the United States since the Great Depression. They didnt call it the Great Recession for nothing. So how long did the recession last? When did it begin? When did it end? How did the length of the recession compare to previous recessions? See more: Even in Recession, Congress Pay Grew Heres a brief Q and A on the recession. When did the Great Recession begin? December 2007, according to the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private, nonprofit research group. When did the Great Recession end? June 2009, though lingering effects such as high unemployment continued to plague the United States well beyond that date. In determining that a trough occurred in June 2009, the committee did not conclude that economic conditions since that month have been favorable or that the economy has returned to operating at normal capacity, the NBER reported in September 2010. Rather, the committee determined only that the recession ended and a recovery began in that month. And a slow recovery it would be. How does the committee define a recession and a recovery? A recession is a period of falling economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales, NBER said. The trough marks the end of the declining phase and the start of the rising phase of the business cycle. Economic activity is typically below normal in the early stages of an expansion, and it sometimes remains so well into the expansion. How does the length of the Great Recession compare to past downturns? The recession lasted 18 months, making it the longest of any recession since World War II, according to the committee. Previously the longest postwar recessions were those of 1973-75 and 1981-82, both of which lasted 16 months. When and for how long did the other modern recessions occur? The recession of 2001 lasted eight months, from March through November of that year. The recession of the early 1990s also lasted eight months, from July 1990 through March 1991. The recession of the early 1980s lasted 16 months, from July 1981 through November 1982. How did the government deal with the Great Recession? In order to deal with the nation’s worst economic downturn since the Great Depression, Congress passed legislation that increased discretionary government spending in order to stimulate the economy. This legislation created programs ranging from financial assistance to large banks and car manufacturers to direct tax rebates for low-income households. In addition, Congress funded a series of massive â€Å"shovel-ready† public works projects, such as highway construction and improvement. At its peak, in early 2009, total discretionary government spending reached about $1.2 trillion in annual terms, or 7% of the nation’s total Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In other words, ending the Great Recession required spending a lot of money the government simply had not planned to spend. How did the Great Recession affect taxpayers? Recessions, especially â€Å"Great† ones, can be costly affairs for taxpayers. According to the Federal Reserve Board, the Great Recession raised the U.S. federal debt and fiscal deficit to record peacetime levels. The federal debt increased from 62% of the GDP in 2007 before the recession to over 100% in 2013, five years after the supposed end of the recession. Indeed, the effects of the Great Depression of 2008 will linger for years to come. Updated by Robert Longley

Geologic Time Scale The Paleozoic Era

Savvy by Ingrid Law Free Essays

Savvy by Ingrid Law. Cover Illustration by Terese Dikun. Dial Books, 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Savvy by Ingrid Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ages 12 and up. Savvy is a story about an unusual family, the Beaumonts, whose family members awaken powers – coined savvy – at the age of 13. The Baumont’s sons, for example, can cause hurricanes and sparks with their savvies. The novel begins with Mibs, the youngest of the Beaumont clan, as she nears the eve of her 13th birthday and is excited to discover what her savvy would be. However, tragedy strikes a mere two days before her 13th birthday as Poppa, the Beaumont patriarch, figures in a terrible accident 90 miles away from home. What ensues is an extraordinary adventure fueled by Mibs’ unwavering belief that her savvy would be able to save Poppa. Riding a pink rickety bus and accompanied by her two brothers and the preacher’s kids, Mibs embarks on a journey to awaken her savvy and prove she can save the day. Ultimately, Savvy is a story about growing up and coming to know and accept oneself and others. It teaches about learning and seeing beyond appearances and appreciating what is skin deep. Savvy is a wondrous tale of hope, love, and redemption. The novel bridges the idea that each and every individual is very special, with unique gifts that make that person unique. Ingrid Law craftily manages to incorporate all of these into a concise yet elegantly written novel while still making the story and the characterization a priority, resulting in a book that leaves the reader filled with all sorts of wonderful emotions even after turning over that last page. How to cite Savvy by Ingrid Law, Papers

Leadership - Cultural - and Performance Change at Meatpack

Question: Discuss about theLeadership, Cultural, and Performance Change at Meatpack. Answer: Introduction Organisational culture is considered as the set of rules, which determine the behaviour of the associated members in an organisation. Benn, Dunphy and Griffiths (2014) opined that it is necessary to identify the suitable gestures, interpersonal relationships, and the leadership tactics for strengthened reputation. The maintenance of the preferable behaviour predicts the future implications and fosters the follower to change. Each of the organisations keeps the major focus on maximising productivity by improving the business functionalities (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). The changes in the leadership, cultures, and performance functionalities can bring the required progress to the organisational productivity. Organisational culture is one of the most necessary attributes that can lead a company towards success. The identification of the set of beliefs, value, and standards is necessary to define the proper organisational culture. There is the keen linking between the leadership and organisational culture. The efficient leadership determines the establishment of the proper organisational culture. Ulrich, Zenger and Smallwood (2013) explained that when the organisations set the minds of enhancing productivity and strengthening reputation, it is necessary to bring the changes in the internal functionalities. Therefore, the changes in the leadership, culture, and performance management are somewhat necessary for the future progress. The study will be evaluating the cultural, performance, and leadership changes brought to Meatpack, which is a family owned business. The case study of Meatpack initiates the idea that in order to achieve the pre-determined objectives of the organisational progress, it is necessary to bring several changes. Accordingly, it is necessary to identify the existing business process and the required changes that can facilitate the organisational progress. The necessity of leadership changes will also be discussed in this study. Moreover, there will be the clear recognition of the barriers to the cultural changes in this case scenario. Depending on such identifications, the entire study will be structured properly. Findings The case scenario is reflecting the business process of MeatPack, which is a family owned meat business. The business is located in Sydney and driven by Derek Bison, the CEO of the Company. The company has been operating in the Sydney Market since last 27 years and has been selling the meat products, prepared meals, and fresh soups. Focusing on the customers needs and demands, the company has been planning to expand the business in Queensland and New South Wales as well. In fact, it is important to mention that depending on the exclusive food products, the company is even thinking of expanding the business all over Australia and abroad. It is reported that during 2013, the company earned the revenue of around AUD$300 million. In the year of 2002, one of the generations of the family decided to achieve around $1 billion by the year of 2020. In order to achieve such target, the company has focused on changing two major aspects, such as the leadership attributes and the cultural changes . Derek Bison, the CEO of the company defined himself as a leader who is visionary, obsessive, interfering, never satisfied, driven, restless, and competitive. However, he received the sense of feeling that the company requires a developed leadership structure, which can lead the company in a better way. Hence, there is a keen interested developed for changing the leadership behaviour within the company. In order to fulfil such aspect, Bison started working with the executive coaching team to improvise the strategic leadership dealings (Harnish 2002). However, it was found that over past few years, the CEO himself stopped attending the coaching classes whereas senior strategy team kept themselves involved. The involvement of the business colleagues and friends influenced Mr. Bison in a significant way that led him towards introducing Human Synergistic Circumplex. The evaluation of this concept signifies the outline of the different behavioural aspects into three different colours. The first colour is red, which specifies the sign of defensive or aggressiveness. The next colour is green, which stands for the passive or defensive traits Quinn et al. 2014). The final colour is blue, which determines the constructive and influential traits. As per the case scenario, it is notified that Meatpack has been following the red culture whereas there is the keen requirement of switching to blue culture. In addition to this, it is also necessary to change the organisational structure from hierarchal to horizontal (Hrebiniak 2013). It is also noted that the front line workers have the greater responsibilities to perform due to which the horizontal structure is necessary. However, in order to bring t he developmental leadership attributes, it is essential to reset the human resource management. Mr. Bison feels that the effective human resource management would ensure the establishment of the efficient leadership programme (Ellis 2014). Even though he identifies the positive outcomes with such initiatives, he himself started struggling with such transition process. He generated the sense of feeling that the decisions are not being made in a relevant way. Hence, the mental dilemma has been working much significantly. It is noted that the association of the senior leaders is made up with the involvement of CFO, CEO, sales-head, people-head, COO, and head of business development department. The group discussion is initiating the idea of establishing the two way communication process. Mr. Bison seek for the communication transparency among the members that will provide the in-depth idea about the business functionalities. He thinks that the senior leadership team should be divided into several classifications. He implied that there will be the separate leadership team consists of the strategy team members. However, the conflicting situations are also foreseen due to the individualism of the CEO. The leadership procedures undertaken by Bison are opposed by the other strategy team members. The conflict arises when they need to report to Bison directly. The mismatch between their personalities creates the uncertain scenario, which is quite harmful for the internal environment of the company (Burke 2013 ). When the new CEO of meat arrived, the necessity of adopting the new structural scenario became much essential. The CFO of the company is seen to be much concerned about the benefits of the company. It has been observed that the decentralised functions of Meatpack would be beneficial for the finance and IT departments. Another subjected change is found in the business functionalities. The company has undertaken the ERP initiative, which is signified as the Enterprise Resource Planning. This planning process seeks integrating several divisions like investments, finance, production, and management (Wherry 2014.). The major motif of structuring such plan is to hit the line and exceed the fixed targets. It is even encouraging the managers for improvising the communication process. It was noticed previously that the leaders used to be much aggressive and dominating while communicating with the other staffs. The executive training process created the strong influence on Bison and led him towards acquiring new organisational structure (Genetzky-Haugen 2010). This new structure indicates the greater accountability and responsibility maintained by the associated managers and the other staffs. The strengthened supervisory process is thus taken into account to manage the entire organisational functionalities. It is found that the staff loyalty is much prominent and the turnover rate is low. However, the repetitive workflows can bring the problems with the employee retention process. In an interview, it was notified that the factory floor is quite noisy and cold. It is not possible for every member to work in such an environment, which is not comfortable for the people (Albrecht 2012). It is even noticed that the staffs are appointed for the production line works, which are much frequent and physically demanding. The diversified cultural background is also one of the major concerns while working with the other staffs in the same factory. The cross cultural clashes are found much prominently. The terms of loyalty is found if the work tenure is analysed. However, the repeated changes of attitudes and work pressure, the situations have become much challenging (Stayer 2009). The trustworthiness and the potentiality of the business are much commendable. It mainly focuses on the best intentions of the company that can strengthen the reputation for the future purposes. Another most problematic scenario is found in the recruitment process. It is seen that the recruitment policy maintained by this company is mostly via word of mouth. Therefore, most of the employees are coming from the same family. In such cases, it is observed that the competitors have been criticizing the company to be much disorganised. On the other hand, it is noted that Mr. Bison invested much amount for the training purposes of the staffs. The major vision was to improvise the work efficiency and work ethics of the associated employees in the company (Hechanova and Cementina-Olpoc 2013). However, there are still some improvisation required for both the ordinary staffs and the senior development teams. In considering such requirements, the development courses are offered on behalf of the authority. Another remarkable approach ensured by the company is the frequent delivery of the performance feedbacks. Bison is much aware of the organisational policies and accordingly tried to manage the structure. The CEO tried to develop the skills by providing the sequential life cycle to the leaders. The efficient leadership attributes of the leaders is thus necessarily being concentrated. However, the shift timing set for the organisational functionalities is not preferable for all the staffs associated with the company (By and Burnes 2013). In considering the necessity of changes, the further analysis part will be discussed in this study. Analysis The case scenario has been reflecting the internal functionalities that are to be maintained by the associates of the company. The business competencies have been increasing since the technologies in this globalised world are increasing much significantly (Beck and Cowan 2014). Accordingly, each of the business company requires improvising the procedures to strengthen the position in a competitive scenario. Meatpack is also concentrating on bringing changes in the leadership and the cultural aspects in order to consider the future progress. If concentrated on such changing atmosphere, several issues and risks are also found in the internal scenario of the management. The company initially set their aim to reach to a certain amount of revenue by the year of 2020. However, it was recognised that the leadership structure as well as the organisational structure are not so much efficient that the company can strengthen their competitive position (Spangenberg and Theron 2013). Therefore, t he analysis of the findings is essential to recognise the exact issue. At the initial stage, it was noticed that the company used to maintain the autocratic leadership style. It was reflected through the communicating behaviour of the leaders with the staffs. The leaders were much dominating and aggressive towards the staffs, which was not quite motivating for enhancing the performance parameter (Adger et al. 2013). Mr. Bison, the CEO of the company recognised the requirement of changing the leadership style, which will be gathering the staffs together. The proper behaviour and the leadership attributes can bring changes to the organisational functionalities. Recognising such aspects, the CEO started investing the capital in the training and development process of the senior associates. However, the conflict arose when there were the clashes found between the personalities between the CEO and the senior members. The senior managers were to report all the necessary decisions to the CEO and the mismatches between their perspective values created the confl ictive situations. Therefore, it became important to improvise the leadership process and structure the organisational scenario (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). The major aim of the company was to reach to the pre-determined target, which signified the increasing rate of the revenue collection. In order to fulfil such aspects, the CEO of the company tried to bring changes to the divisional process. The group of the leaders were classified into several divisions. While dividing the group of the leaders, the set of responsibilities was also clarified. Hence, while different groups will be maintaining the diversified responsibilities, it will be beneficial in structuring the organisational performance (Fernndez 2013). In such cases, the different departments will be dealing with the sequential performance management process. The leaders must acquire the transparent communicative attributes to make the process much clear to the associated employees. Hence, Mr. Bison has been looking forward to establish the one-and-one communication process. It helps him in deriving knowledge regarding the business development and requirements (Hjarvard and Pete rsen 2013). The CEO thinks that arrangements of the meeting will be helpful enough in receiving feedbacks from the associated employees. Concentrating on the employee loyalty, it is seen that the employees are loyal enough towards the company, but the repetitive work pressure is affecting the employees morale. The repeated change in the management functionalities is quite affecting the employees. The works associated with factory process is quite physically demanding and difficult. When the employees are engaged with such activities, it strains their mental and physical conditions. The improper shift timing is somewhat responsible for such condition (Naas et al. 2013). The company is thus facing difficulties to retain the employees and lowering the turnover rate. There is another most significant problem found in the recruitment process. It is observed that the company used to recruit people though spreading the word of mouth. The family members of the existing workers joined the company and spreading the word of mouth to their relatives and friends. There is not structured procedure of recruiting people. In such cases, the efficient human resource management is necessary. Moreover, the set of responsibilities maintained by the human resource management will be improvising the entire organisational management practices. It is one of the most significant areas that are needed to be taken into account. The Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system is also needed to be improved. While structuring the business functionalities, it is required to keep the focus on the resource allocation process. It was found that Mr. Bison invested much amount on the training and development purposes. Both the tangible and intangible resources are needed to be allocated properly. The office premise is one of the major factors for motivating the associated workers. If the workers are not satisfied with the ambience of the factory, it would be difficult for them to deal with the unhygienic environment. Moreover, it is also necessary to keep the focus on the structured resource planning, which will be providing the comfortable atmosphere to the workers. Another most significant organisational change is focusing on the shift timing of the workers. The first shift timing is from 5:30 am to 2:30 pm whereas the second shift timing is from 2:30 pm to midnight. Therefore, it has been seen that the shift timing is much longer in compare to the break time available for the workers. It becomes quite difficult if the shift time stretched for long. The lack of flexible working schedule and repeated changes in the functionalities are quite troublesome for the associated staffs. Hence, it is necessary to keep the focus on such aspects in order to retain the employees. Concentrating on such required changes, the preferable recommendations are needed to be presented. Conclusion The study is highlighting the case scenario of Meatpack, which is a family owned food processing business in Sydney Market. Being the CEO of the company, Derek Bison found that there are several changes required in the management functionalities in order to achieve the pre-determined goals. More specifically, it is noted that each of the companies seeks enhancements of the productivity to strengthen the organisational reputation. Similarly, some of the changes within the organisational scenario can facilitate such target set by the owner of the company. The findings derived from the case study are ensuring that the company faced several situational crises due to the ineffective leadership system and cultural diversity. Concentrating on such difficulties, the further section of the study will be providing the suitable recommendation for the future growth of the company. Recommendation The above findings and analysis have been describing the existing management functionalities and suggesting the required changes for the business progress. Keeping concentration on such necessary requirements, the further suggestions can be recommended. Transformational Leadership If concentrated on the leadership style followed previously by the managers and leaders, it can be seen that leaders were much dominant and aggressive towards the associated staffs. The authoritarian leadership style was quite prominent in this case. However, it is necessary for the leaders to maintain flexibility while communicating with the workers or allocating works. The aggressiveness may lead towards the dissatisfaction of the works, which is harmful for the company. In such cases, if the leaders can adopt the transformation leadership style, it will be beneficial to motivate the existing employees. The transformational leadership style is helpful enough in developing the professional and personal attributes of the employees. In this leadership style, the leaders motivate the employees to share their ideas and visions that are beneficial for the organisational growth. The employees work together and maintain their responsibilities to meet the pre-determined goals. It is even he lpful enough in identifying the required changes and creating the vision accordingly. The employees receive the opportunity to grow their careers as well. Therefore, it is one of the most fruitful leadership styles that can be adopted for achieving organisational excellence. Structuring the Human Resource Management It is important to note that the human resource management plays the vital role in managing the organisational performance. Hence, it is necessary to improve the activities of human resource management. In case of undertaking the change performance management system, the human resource department will be involved to structure the functionalities. Moreover, the efficient human resource management will be ensuring the employee retention process. The human resource department arranges the beneficial training process which will be provided to the employees. It works as the motivational factor, which is necessary to retain the employees. Moreover, it is noted that the company deals with the diversified cultured employees. The human resource management requires dealing with such diversified cultural traits. The human resource management need to maintain the unity between the people from diverse cultures. On the other hand, it is even important for the human resource management to collect t he feedback from the employees and present those to the upper management. In addition to this, the efficient human resource management is needed to recruit the people from different sources. Therefore, it can be recommended that the company requires paying attention towards the effective human resource management for the progressive purposes. Implication The above recommendation is determining the improvised business functionalities. However, in order to undertake such changes, it is necessary to improve the resource planning process. It is noted that adopting the transformational leadership style is beneficial to engage the employees within the management functionalities. This leadership style would develop the personal and professional skills of the employees and would provide the opportunity to share the vision and ideas. Moreover, the improvement of the human resource management is necessary for the organisation. The set of responsibilities maintained by the human resource management will improve the internal organisation functionalities. The human resource management will be involved to motivate the employees by arranging the efficient training process, receiving the concerns of the employees, and managing the cultural diversity. The improvement on such factors will be beneficial for the future progress of the company. The prope r planning procedure of the resources will thus be required for implementing such strategies. The company requires concentrating on the capital resources that are necessary for arranging the training purposes. The recognition of such implication will be effective enough to accomplish the business goals. References Adger, W.N., Barnett, J., Brown, K., Marshall, N. and O'Brien, K., 2013. Cultural dimensions of climate change impacts and adaptation.Nature Climate Change,3(2), pp.112-117. Albrecht, S.L., 2012. The influence of job, team and organizational level resources on employee well-being, engagement, commitment and extra-role performance: Test of a model.International Journal of Manpower,33(7), pp.840-853. Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Beck, D.E. and Cowan, C., 2014.Spiral dynamics: Mastering values, leadership and change. John Wiley Sons. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge Burke, W.W., 2013.Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications By, R.T. and Burnes, B. eds., 2013.Organizational change, leadership and ethics: Leading organizations towards sustainability. Routledge. Fernndez, R., 2013. Cultural change as learning: The evolution of female labor force participation over a century.The American Economic Review,103(1), pp.472-500. Genetzky-Haugen, M.S., 2010. Determining the relationship and influence organizational culture has on organizational trust. Harnish, V., 2002.Mastering the Rockefeller Habits: What You Must Do to Increase the Value of Your Fast-growth Firm. Cambridge University Press. Hechanova, R.M. and Cementina-Olpoc, R., 2013. Transformational leadership, change management, and commitment to change: A comparison of academic and business organizations.The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher,22(1), pp.11-19. Hjarvard, S. and Petersen, L.N., 2013. Mediatization and cultural change.MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research,29(54), p.7. Hrebiniak, L.G., 2013.Making strategy work: Leading effective execution and change. FT Press. Naas, H., Martinez-Dawson, R., Han, I. and Dawson, P., 2013. Processing, products, and food safety.Poultry Science,92, pp.1930-1935. Quinn, R.E., Bright, D., Faerman, S.R., Thompson, M.P. and McGrath, M.R., 2014.Becoming a master manager: A competing values approach. John Wiley Sons. Spangenberg, H. and Theron, C., 2013. A critical review of the Burke-Litwin model of leadership, change and performance.Management Dynamics,22(2), p.29. Stayer, R., 2009.How I learned to let my workers lead. Harvard Business Review Press. Ulrich, D., Zenger, J. and Smallwood, N., 2013.Results-based leadership. Harvard Business Press Wherry, F.F., 2014. Analyzing the culture of markets.Theory and Society,43(3-4), pp.421-436.

For A Genuine Empiricist The Phrase God Exists Is Meaningless Essays

For a Genuine empiricist the phrase "God Exists" is meaningless To come to a proper understanding of the question, a few key concepts must first be established. What is meant by the term Empiricism? To an empiricist, the occurrence of consciousness is simply the product of experience. It is assumed that all human knowledge is acquired from experience and observation alone. It is believed that we are born with an empty slate; it is through sense perception that our knowledge begins to form and shape our mind. Empiricism is against the idea of spontaneous or a priori thought (knowledge that is independent of all particular experience). They believe in a posteriori knowledge, which is derives from experience alone. The belief opposing Empiricism is that of Rationalism. In this philosophy, reason is used to obtain knowledge. One can be born with innate ideas. What is meant by the term God? There is not one simple definition that can describe God. Different cultures have different conceptions of deity. One can be monotheistic, duo theistic, polytheist ic or believe in the trinity. Others believe it merely a force or the world itself. For our purpose we will use a definition given from the Encarta world English Dictionary. "GOD, Supreme Being: the being believed in monotheistic religions such as Judaism, Islam, and Christianity to be the all-powerful all-knowing creator of the universe, worshiped as the only God." The word exist must also be defined. For the statement "God exists", we must understand what it is to exist. Existence is to have real being whether material or spiritual. IT is the state or fact of being, entity. Now that a proper explanation is given of the terms for the argument "Why a genuine empiricist cannot believe in a supreme being", can take its form. God is considered to be an innate idea by many religious on goers. God cannot be completely comprehended. This is one of the greatest unknowns that faces mankind. If he cannot be perceived and no concept of him is present at birth then it would be extremely diffic ult to obtain knowledge of him. It is empiricism itself that criticizes the belief in miracles and visions. God cannot be perceived under normal circumstances. With a few exceptions he is inconceivable. For a true empiricist the existence of God does not coincide with their own teachings. Experience is everything to empiricists. The main criticism that empiricist hold against rationalist is the their belief of innate ideas. To assume that some thoughts could come directly from the mind rather than being acquired by experience is thought to be obscure. An innate idea is a belief or idea present at birth in the soul of an individual. With no actual experience. Ideas that are thought to be of an innate nature are those of substance, infinity, and God. There is no adequate empirical explanation for the origin of these ideas and they cannot be explained by observation or experience. If God is a priori (innate idea), then for an empiricist to believe in a Supreme Being it would be going against ones own teachings. David Hume (1711-1776), a radical Empiricist in his time, could give no rational explanation regarding these concepts. "Nothing can ever be present to the mind but an image or perception." Hume held the belief in only a moral existence. He did not try to argue the existence of a God, although he did not try to prove God's existence. If the idea of God is not present at birth, then where might it have been obtained? There are countries worldwide that believe in some form of Deity. For such a universal belief, there must be some origin or cause. The idea of this God must have been present at birth as a priori or must have in some way been experienced, a posteriori. Going back to one of the basic arguments brought forth by empiricism that is for one to believe, one must use observation to form knowledge. God is beyond the power of human conception. Let alone observation. How can one observe God? It is not possible to perceive him. If it is impossible to experience a Supreme Being how than can one be thought

How Shakespeare Changed the English Language Essays

How Shakespeare Changed the English Language Essays How Shakespeare Changed the English Language Paper How Shakespeare Changed the English Language Paper OOO words, writers did not have the vocabulary to express their thoughts and a new word from another language, often from French but especially from Latin, or one that appeared in both. Between the years 1500 and 1659 there is an estimate that between nouns, verbs, modifiers of Latin, Greek, and modern Romance languages that 30,000 new words were added to the English language. Once Shakespeares plays became popular they helped contribute to the standardization of the English language and his words and phrases became embedded in the language. (A History of English Literature, Fletcher) (A Companion to the History of the English Language, Matto, Riley) Shakespeare transformed English theatre by expanding expectations about what could be accomplished through characterization, plot, language, and genre. Shakespeares characters and play portrayed a wide variety of emotions. In plays like Hamlet, Shakespeare integrated characterization with plot. He also mixed tragedy and comedy together to create a new romantic tragedy genre. Through his soliloquies he showed how plays could explore a characters inner motivations and conflicts. The characters in his plays portray a large variety of emotions. Though he borrowed ideas for his plays from popular sources such as history or fold traditions his closeness to human nature made him great and his closeness with popular thinking gave vitality to his language. He represented the English people as actual people rather than Just as puppets. Shakespeare united the three main streams of literature; verse, poetry, and drama. Through all of these things he completely changed the language giving it the highest expressions, structure, and intensity. He saved the language from vagueness and gave it vividness. His work in poetry and drama marked the beginning of modernizations of the English language by his introduction of words and expressions, style and form to the language. (A philosophical analysis and illustration of some of Shakespeares remarkable haracters Richardson) Shakespeare contributed so much to the English language. One of his greatest contributions was the new vocabulary and phrases that have enriched the English language and along with many of his original phrases are still used today. In all of his work he uses 17,677 words. He was the first to use 1,700 those words. He is known for creating words by borrowing from literature and languages. He created the words by changing nouns into verbs, changing verbs to adjectives, connecting words that had never been used together, and adding prefixes and suffixes. He also helped to urther develop style and structure to a loose and spontaneous language. The Elizabethan era language was written the same way it was spoken. The naturalness gave freedom since there was no formalized grammar binding what they were saying but the lack of prescribed grammatical rules brought vagueness in literature but at the same time also expressed feelings with profound vividness and emotion which created freedom of expression. Shakespeares influence involved using the life of the language and decasyllabic structure in his work. Putting the language together with structure produced a unique combination that is Shakespeare. Words Used by Shakespeare, Shirly, Phoebe) (William Shakespeare: Biography) (A History of English Literature, Fletcher) Shakespeares blank verse is one of the most important of all his influences on the way the English language was mistakes. Through experimentation of tri-syllabic substitution and decasyllabic rule he developed the blank verse to perfection and introduced a new style. His adaptation of free speech rhythm to the fixed blank-verse framework is an outstanding feature of his poetry. Words Used by Shakespeare, Shirly, Phoebe) He introduced in poetry two main factors, verbal immediacy and the moulding of stress o the movement of living emotion. When my love swears that she is made of truth, I do believe her, though I know she lies. †(Sonnet CXXXVIII) In the sonnet above, he has expressed in very simple words complex and even contradictory attitudes to a single emotion. (Words Used by Shakespeare, Shirly, Phoebe) Shakespeare has been an influence in so many areas of theatre and literature but he has also been a major influence on many big novelists in European and American literature. For example Charles Dickens uses many of Shakespeares quotations throughout his writings and many of his titles have come from Shakespeare. Herman Melvillie used of Shakespeares devices and used formal stage directions. He influenced Melvillie so much that he used a classic Shakespearean tragic figure for his antagonist, a man brought down by his faults. He also influenced other writers and poets such as Thomas Hardy, William Faulkner, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Shakespeare is said to be the greatest writer of the English language and a genious, but can reading him actually increase our intelligence? Professor Philip Davis from the University of Liverpools School of English is approaching brain esearch by functional shifts that demonstrates how Shakespeares creative mistakes shift mental pathways and open possiblilites for what the brain can do. He thinks it is Shakespeares inventions and his deliberate syntactic errors like changing the part of speech of a word that excite us, rather than confuse us. Along with brain imaging scientists he conducted experiments to show what happens to the brain when hearing different types of sentences. A way that the brain can be measured by responses is called an N400, which is normal, milliseconds after the brain experiences and thought or perception. P600 indicates a peak in brain activity 600 milliseconds after the brain experiences a different thought or perception. The P600 is considered a wow effect and the brain is excited and then is put into a state of hesitating consciousness. When we read Shakespeare our brain peaks to P600 and our brain accepts the syntactic violations and our brain gets excited about his style of writing. Davis says that our brain needs creative language to keep our brain alive. Today writing is so predictable we can usually tell what someone is going to say before they finish their sentence. Davis is also a literary scholar and he argues that the mental activity found in the brain responses to his experiments may be one of the reasons why Shakespeares plays have such a dramatic impact on us as readers, performers, and audiences. Davis predicts that without this type of creative language we could experience a gradual deadening of the brain. Reading Shakespeare Makes You Smarter, Temple) (This is Your Brain on Shakespeare, Honan) William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. His surviving works consist of about 38 plays, 1 54 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. He contributed so much to the English language including and loved today. He describes the ex perience of being human more perfectly than any other writer and describes it with exquisite beauty. His works are not a simple thing to get at first. It is not easy or quick. Many people give up without discovering why it is important. But it is wonderful. Love me or hate me, both are in my favor lf you love me, Ill always be in your heart lf you hate me, Ill always be in your mind. † William Shakespeare Words that Shakespeare Invented (http://grammar. yourdictionary. com/word-lists/list- of-words-and-phrases-shakespeare-invented. html) Here are some common words that first appeared in Shakespeares plays and their meanings: Auspicious favorable; promising success; a good omen. A wedding is an example of an auspicious occasion. Baseless without a foundation; not based on fact. If you accuse someone of wrongdoing, make sure that you have support to back up your claim and it is not a baseless accusation. Barefaced shameless; without concealment or disguise. When someone tells a barefaced lie it is not a very good one and you immediately know it is not true. Castigate to punish harshly. Sometimes celebrities and politicians are castigated in the press more harshly than ordinary citizens. Clangor a loud (clanging) sound. Ghosts are sometimes said to be followed by the loud clangor of chains. Dexterously skillful, especially in the use of ones hands (or also ones mind). A good carpenter can dexterously build a bookshelf very easily. Dwindle to get smaller; diminish. Often used to describe money. Many peoples savings dwindle after losing a Job. Multitudinous a lot; a great number. You are in luck if you can say that you have a multitudinous amount of friends. Sanctimonious pretending to be very religious or righteous. Sometimes people who Judge others harshly are sanctimonious. Watchdog a person or group that keeps close watch to discover wrong or illegal activity. A popular watchdog group is PETA, which exposes Phrases Shakespeare Invented Here are some phrases that Shakespeare is said to have invented, many of which are commonly used today. Its Greek to me Oulius Caesar) When you say, its Greek to e you are admitting that you do not know or understand something. Fair play (The Tempest) Follow the rules, especially in competitions or sports. All that glitters isnt gold (Merchant of Venice) We usually use this phrase after we discover the fact that something that looks good turns out not to be that great. Wear ones heart on ones sleeve (Othello) To be a hopeless romantic (or be open and honest about how you feel) is to wear ones heart on ones sleeve. Break the ice (The Taming of the Shrew) Often when you meet someone for the first time, you break he ice by asking them polite questions about themselves. The lady doth protest too much (Hamlet) If someone denies something more than once, you can say the lady doth protest too much, meaning yo u think that they feel the opposite to what they are saying. Clothes make the man (Hamlet) Although not always true, this phrase implies that how a person dresses tells you something about who they are as a person. A laughing stock (The Merry Wives of Windsor) To be a laughing stock is to be considered a Joke by many people. Too much of a good thing (As You Like It) It s said that too much of a good thing (i. e. money, love, food) is not necessarily good for you. In a pickle (The Tempest) To be in a pickle is to be in trouble or a situation that you cannot easily get out of. : A companion to the history of the English language Momma, H. ; Matto, Michael. ; Wiley Interscience (Online service) Chichester, I-JK ; Malden, MA : Wiley-Blackwell 2008 Shakespeare : the invention of the human New York : Riverhead 1998 William Shakespeare: Biography shmoop. com/william-shakespeare/ biography. html William Shakespeare rom A History of English Literature 1918 by Robert Huntington Fletcher http://classiclit. about. com/library/bl-etexts/rfletcher/bl-rfletcher-history- shakespeare. tm Words used by Shakespeare 2010 History of the English Language 2010-history-of- english-nccu. wikispaces. com/ /shakespeares+lnflu File Format: Microsoft Powerpoint Quick View WILLIAM SHAKESPEARES INFLUENCE ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 97501023 Phoebe. 97504056 Shirley. Internet: How did Shakespeare change the English Language? By Harold Bloom scribd. com/doc/28967704/How-did-Shakespeare-change-the-English- anguage Internet: The Language of Shakespeare. Shakespeare resource center. ttp :// www. bardweb. net/language. html Book: A philosophical analysis and illustration of some of Shakespeares remarkable characters Richardson, William, 1743-1814. London : printed for J. Murray; and W. Creech, at Edinburgh 1774 FYI: Reading Shakespeare Makes You Smarter by Emily Temple. flavorwire. com/171612/fyi-reading-shakespeare-makes-you-smarter This is Your Brain on Shakespeare Daniel Honan on August 23, 2011 http://bigthink. com/how-to-think-like-shakespeare/this-is-your-brain-on-shakespeare

Cultural Literature Review Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural Literature Review - Article Example Looking back at the historical development of the nursing profession to give the nurses and those planning to become one, insight for a best health care system today and in the future, is the main objective of Karen J. Egenes in her article History of Nursing (n.d), as she stated in her summary (p.23). In her introductory words, she implied that understanding the history of nursing would highlight the importance of this profession in the health care system of the nation. That’s why the article presented an overview of the history of nursing, especially with the nursing in the United States, with the contributions of selected leaders and influence of the societal trends (p.2). It is impossible to speak of the history of nursing without mentioning Florence Nightingale. Egenes’ article remarked that Nightingale laid the foundation of nursing as a profession. She turned down offers of marriage and pursued studies in health, despite her parents opposition, because â€Å"she believed that she had been called to dedicate her life to the service of humanity†(p.4). This is the same spirit that dominates the nurses today. Egenes’ objective in writing her article is considerably achievable. In fact, according to Jeff Durham (2010), in his discussion of the duties and responsibilities of a nurse, in his article The Role of a Nurse, he emphasized the important role of a nurse in the patient’s recovery, as well as protecting the patient. Actually, many nurses go above and beyond their call of duty. Durham realistically outlined in his article the nurse’s emotional involvement in their patient. Besides being a caregiver, a nurse also portrays the role as patient’s teacher, a counselor, and a trusted friend. This article of Durham evidently shows that nurses are being appreciated and their importance in health care system is being recognized. In a personal interview to Donna E. Shalala, the appointed chair in the year 2009 of th e Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) Initiative on the Future of Nursing at the Institute of Medicine (IOM), regarding committee’s report â€Å"about transforming the health care system within the newly legislated Affordable Care Act†, she openly acknowledged that â€Å"unless people understand that nursing is central to improving the quality of health care, we will never be able to improve that quality in this country† (Nickitas, 2011). Since nurses role are being appreciated, much is expected in their competence amidst the increased migration of varied cultural background in the United States nowadays. A nurse flexibility face the challenge while adapting to different culture, beliefs and practices of their immigrant patient. So the key method to maintain efficiency on nursing is to familiarize oneself of the cultural background of the immigrant patient. Acquiring knowledge and understanding of their social structure, their medical practices and even their religious beliefs are extremely important in giving appropriate care to a patient with such cultural background. According to a module for study article, entitled Health and Health Care of Filipino American Elders, â€Å"Filipino Americans now rank as the second largest Asian group in the United States with over 1.8 million individuals reported in 2000 census† (McBride, n.d.). Thus, the article equipped us knowledge on their cultural backgroun

Emergency room Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emergency room - Assignment Example In most cases nurse in the in-patient units do not work during irregular hours (Burgess, 2014). In the ER, documentation focuses on addressing acute symptoms through use of ICD-10-CM codes. This is different from documentation that is used in the in-patient setting since it does not involve coding. In the in-patient unit documentation is done in paper format or electronically but without coding (Burgess, 2014). In the ER, there are several legal issues involved. One of them is determination of how emergent a situation is for the patient since some situations can be deceiving and accurate decisions have to be made. Another common legal issue is ensuring that patients are screened and treated appropriately while keeping them informed of the treatment being given. The legal issues arising from in-patient unit are less compared to the ER. The patients in in-patient unit need to have informed consent of the treatment they receive (Burgess, 2014). Safety and privacy of the patient can be maintained by ensuring that there is always a technician to help the patient at any given time and that there is no displayed information on the patient that other people can see. The client can also be provided privacy through use of curtains to cover his bed area. Through use of curtains around his bed area, only restricted people can intrude his personal space. The protocols related to communication include ensuring protection of the information that the patient gives for purposes of medical records. Such information should be treated with a lot of privacy and should be secured. The technicians should not share a patient’s information by any chance and should ensure that the patient is aware of the results (Burgess, 2014). In such a situation, the nurses and physicians are allowed to carry out the procedure on the patient without any consent to save his or her life. The patient will then be told about the procedures carried out when he is conscious and can

The enhancing effects of music on happiness

The enhancing effects of music on happiness This thesis examines the enhancing effects of music on happiness.Music is the purest form of art. It can be said that it has an impact on almost everyone. Certain pieces of music have a relaxing effect, while others stimulate us to act, and some cause change in or emphasize our mood. This work specifically concentrates on how listening to different kinds of music can increase the level of happiness and the factors associated with it. Defining Music The word music basically comes from the Greek word mousike meaning art of the muses.As generally percieved, music is one of the fine arts which is concerned with the combinition of sounds with beauty of form and the expression of thought or feeling.It can be defined as vocal or instrumental sounds having some degree of rhythm, melody and harmony. According to the Australian Oxford dictionary (2004), music is the art of combining vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) to produce beauty of form,harmony and expression of emotion. The Collins dictionary (2000) relates music as an art form consisting of sequences of sounds in time, especially tones of definite pitch organized melodically, harmonically,rhythmically and according to color. Music is also known as, the art of combining sounds so as to please the ear (Chambers dictionary,1987) . Music is also viewed as an art that is difficult to tie down . According to Wikipedia , the definition of music varies according to culture and social context. The artists may view music as a performing art, a fine art, and an auditory art .William Sheakspeare has defined it as as the food of soul.Humanistic psychologists view music as a means of self fulfillment,integration and self actualiztion.For existentialists it is another department of choice and freedom. Music in any form has a universal appeal, like an international language,it is understood and spoken everywhere,and its charm and penetrating power cannot be denied.(Malik, M.S., 1983). Components of Music According to a physicists point of view, music consists of a set of a set of sounds with particular frequencies, amplitudes, and timbres which are organized into highly predictable patterns. The social and cultural meanings by people turn these sounds into music (Hargreaves, D. J and North, A. C., 2000).The components of music are, Musical note is a single sound of definite pitch and duration which can be identified in writing. Rhythm, is the arrangement of sounds in time, this arrangement is a complex arrangement of notes into a mixture of short and long durations within a single bar or a series of bars. Regular pulse groupings are called bars or measures. Rhythm is one of the most central features of many styles of music, especially jazz and hip-hop (Lerdahl Jackendoff, 1983). Scale, is a progression of notes in an ascending or descending order. Melody or tune assembles a series of notes into recognizable musical shapes. The notes of a melody are created with respect to pitch systems such as scales. A melody usually though not necessarily possesses rhythm. The rhythm of a melody is often based on the tones of language, the physical rhythms of dance or just periodic beatings. (Narveson, 1984). The beat of a piece of music is its regular pulse, determined by the bar lines by which music are metrically determined. Pitch, is the height or depth of a note in relation to other notes or in relation to an absolute pitch. The absolute pitch has internationally been set at A=400 Hz that is, the A above the middle c has a frequency of 440 cycles or vibrations per second. Pitch is determined by the sounds frequency of vibration. The process of assigning note names to pitches is called tuning. The difference in frequency between two pitches is called an interval. The interval indicates either the doubling or halving of the base frequency. (Machlis Kristine, 2007) Harmony is the study of vertical sonorities in music. A vertical sonority refers to considering the relationship between pitches that are together. Harmony can also be implied by melodies that outline a harmonic structure. A larger structure involving multiple pitches is called a chord (Darmschroder Williams, 1990).Harmony in music can be analyzed through Roman numeral system. A system of chord symbols is used in popular and jazz music. (Friberg, 1991). Musical texture is the overall sound of a piece of music .It is described as the number of parts or lines and their relationship. The perceived texture of a musical piece can be affected by the interval between each musical line, the timbre of instruments or the number of instruments used. Monophony, homophony and polyphone include musical textures. Monophony is the texture of a melody. The texture of homophony is achieved when a melody is accompanied by chords. The melody in homophony is usually voiced in high notes. Polyphony consists of several simultaneous melodies of equal importance (Temperly, 2001). Form, is a feature of musical theory that explores the concept of musical syntax, on a local and global level. The syntax is often explained in terms of phrases and periods or sections or genre respectively. (Juslin, 2003). 1.1.2 Musical Instruments The earliest and largest collection of prehistoric musical instruments was found in China and dates back to between 7000 and 6600 BC. (Wikipedia).People of different cultures have developed musical instruments of their own distictive fashion,the sounds of these instruments thus,affect different prople differently.Some distict musical instruments are, Sitar, it has been the king of indian court music since 14th century. It is the modification of an earlier instrument,the Keena.The sitar is made of teak,jackwood and a seasoned gourd.Its neck towers above the players head while it is played.It mainly has six or seven playing strings running above the feet and below them, a dozen or so sympathetic strings,that set up a steady running echo.The sitar is played with a wireplectrum worn on the right finger of the sitarist.The sitar music is a world in itself.Learning to play the instrument with proficiency needs ten or twelve years of intensive study(Bhattacharya, McDonald Carter,2008). Rebab, is the name for various Arabic bow string instruments found in Islamic countries. They occur usually with three strings in various shapes like elongated boats, trapezoid rectangles etc. The Rebab was both carried eastwards and westwards with the spread of Islam (Kartomi, 1990). Guitar is a string instrument, originally brought to Spain by the moors in the middle ages. It has a flat back. The modern instrument has six strings. The guitar is a popular instrument used to provide a simple choral accomplishment to a dance or a song. Flute, is a cylindrical tube closed at the upper end where these is a side hole, though which the player bows air and makes the internal air column vibrate. The modern flute was largely developed by T.Bohm, he made it possible to pierce finger-holes in correct positions. The flute did not come into general use in chamber and orchestral music until 18th century (Taylor, 1992). Saxophones are classified as members of the single reed family. Saxophone was invented in about 1840 by Adolph Sax, a Belgian instrument maker. Saxophones are regular members of dance bands military bands and are also used to play distinctive solo in orchestral work. The sound of the saxophone is extremely variable. Its timbre being intermediate between wood and brass, it passes from the softness of flute over the broad, mellow tone of cells to the metallic strength of the coronet (Ingham, 1998). Drum, is the generic name for instruments consisting of skin stretched over a frame or vessel and struck with the hands or a sticks. The drum was introduced in the western world through Greece (Kinnear, 1985). Tabla, is a type of an oriental drum. It exists in different forms. The Indian table is a single headed drum resembling a small tympano, having a similar sound. The Arabic tabla is beaten by the hands and the tone is much drier than that of the Indian instrument (Holroyde, 1972). Xylophone is a set of tuned wooden bars beaten with sticks. The bars usually rest in a frame and are arranged in order of pitch. Most xylophones are provided with resonators, either in the form of a cradle shaped box under the bars, or in the form of a separate gourd for each bar gourd for each bar. When playing the xylophone, the player uses mallets of various weights and hardness according to the quality of tone required.( Nettl Bruno ,1956). Piano, Classicism is the greatest and the best known period of piano music. The pianist uses a flexible system of levers connected by four joints, knuckles, wrist, elbow and shoulders. It can also be played by placing the finger on the key and raising the arm slightly in a relaxed action. Piano is a mechanical instrument through which the notes are produced by the strike of keys (Krumhansl, 1997). Violin is the most important of the stringed instruments in the orchestra as well as in chamber and solo music. Its main parts are the, body consisting of label sound board, back and ribs (sidewalks), the finger board, string holder, the bridge. The violin provides expressiveness ranging from soft lyricism to extreme dramatic excitement and a sensitive timbre (Cremer, 1984). Harmonium is a keyboard instrument that sounds by means of thin metal tongues being set in vibration by a steady current of air which is provided by a pair of pedal operated bellows. The metal tongues act as free reeds. Modern harmonium can produce expressive graduations of sounds by means of the expression stop. The harmonium was developed in the 19th century from a number of experimental instruments (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica (11th Ed.), 1911). Types of Music The aim of all music is to touch the core of the heart and thus music can be called an expression of our hearts sayings. Different types of music help in soothing ones disturbed soul, in the growth of concentration and also cheer us up to live life to the fullest. There are various types of music as people have different tastes i.e., classical music, rock, hip-hop, folk, opera, mystical etc. The objective behind listening to music remains the same. Classical music is a complex form of music as it requires high musical skills like learning the ragas and ability to coordinate with other musicians .The one who wants to learn, he/she has to go through proper training in this field of music (Bhattacharyya, 2008). Rock music, originated in the rock n roll era of 1950s. The singers are accompanied by a guitar, bass and drum. Certain rock groups use pianos, saxophones, flute, mandolin and sitar for a deeper effect. This type of music has several subtypes such as hard rock, progressive rock and metal rock. All these types of rock music are popular to date.(Warren , Romanowski Parles ,2001). Hip-hop (Pop-Music) music always includes the use of instruments such as guitar, violin, fiddle, piano, bass and drums. In these types of music, the bass is the main instrument. This can be used in different intensities to emote feelings of anger, pride and others. This type of music is the result of hip-hop culture and is known as hip-hop music. This music shows a heavy influence of Jamaican music. The roots of the music are found in African American and West African music. (Light, 1999). Folk music is a kind of traditional music that is handed down from generations in every culture. Folk music shows the social upheaval that lies among various classes of people. This also portrays their struggle for survival and their culture (Bhattacharyya, 2008).The term can be applied to music that has been evolved from rudimentary beginnings by a community uninfluenced by popular and art music and it can likewise be applied to music which has originated with an individual composer and has subsequently been absorbed into the unwritten living tradition of a community. It is the re-fashioning and re-creation of the music by the community that gives it a folk character (Lloyd, 1975). Opera music first emerged in Italy in the 17th century. This genre of music a remarkable combination of theatrical art and musical inventions and is specifically played in theatres. This has greater demand for its amusing orchestral supplements. The introduction and interval of this music set the tone for the action on stage. (Grout Williams, 2003). Mystical music Music is an outburst of the soul  .Mystic music includes spacious, contemplative, heartfelt, trance inducing and psychedelic sounds in such genres as space music, electronic, ambient, visionary, acoustic, world fusion, classical, neo-classical, and even some progressive rock; a mix of entrancing drones, structures, and rhythms. Mystic music extends from Bach to rock. Mystic music is that kind of sonorous sound experience that lifts and awakens you above normal consciousness, even if only for a few moments. If you listen sensitively, it puts you in touch with your most special memories and forgotten dreams. It is relaxing and good for your plants (and your body too; not to mention your mind, heart and soul). Mystic music remains true to the original purpose of music: to help us contact the spiritual dimensions of life and reveal the secret to us; and to, keep the spirit alive (Nasr, 1997) 1.1.4 Effects of Music Music holds a very significant position in our lives since the beginning.From the early beginning to the present day,interest in music with reference to healing and therapeautic experiece has sustained (Bartlett ,1996) The qualities of music were known even in earliest times. Evidence suggests that dance and song preceded speech. Researchers have found that about two-thirds of the inner ears cilia resonate only at the higher frequencies that are commonly found in music (3,000 20,000 Hz). This seems to indicate that primitive humans communicated primarily through song or tone.India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the world, references to Indian classical music (marga) can be found in the ancient scriptures of the Hindu tradition, the Vedas (Wikipedia). There are references to the divine alliance of music and medicine in classical antiquity and the healing function of much among primitive people (Schullian and Schoen,1948). Recent work on music has confirmed the effectiveness of music too. This is of the fact that music can trigger Endorphins in human body that help the mind in creating sound images,allowing people to escape into a painless worlds sheltered by their imaginations. Music can speed up or slow,regularize or disturb our heart beat,relax or tense the nerves,can affect digestion,respiration and blood pressure(Tame,1984) Ansdell(1995) says that we make and experience music because or body is made up of cells,organs,and muscles that have pulses and tones,tensions and resolutions of the tensions.Emotions share with music the qualities of speed force attack and intensity.It has also been suggested that music could be a powerful tool to use within neuro-disability and the structure of music can help organize and retrieve information. (Taylor, 1992). In many instances it has been found that people with brain related problems were able to function in better ways while being exposed to music. (Erdonmez, 1993; Nordoff Robbins, 1997). Mc Carty (1999) described how music could reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions in healthy as well as clinically ill people. In the words of Janet Towell(2000), Music can soothe the soul, excite the emotions and provide a sense of cultural identity. Music can decrease pain and depression while increasing mood and self esteem. A study showed that tempo affected arousal while mode of the music affected the mood (Husain, Thompson Schelenburg, 2002). Well ness is a product of healthy body, mind, spirit interactions, and, as a result music can an important asset in creating the appropriate environment for persons healing (Stewart, 1990).Musics appeal to us is primarily emotional and psychological. Music has been noted for its ability to enhance peoples moods, move them to tears, make them want to rejoice or just move them emotionally in both negative and positive ways (Goldstein, A, 1980). Radocy and Boyle(1979) suggest that there are eight types of affective responses to music.Some of these relate to an innate sensory perception of the sound while others are associted with images,experiences and emotional context of these experiences.These responses may include simple feelings;negative and positive organic feelins;moral religious feelings and emotions and tempraments.Because of this entity,music often can help people in confronting issues which they have not dealt earlier in their lives.This is because of the association between the events of our past with the particular piece of music (Bright ,1993;Levine , 1999;Ortiz ,1997). Stewart(1990) believes that music is an affective therapeutic agent under the right circumstances as it can allign patterns of emotion,structures of conciousness and /or psychic energy (P.62).It does not appeal to logic and rarely meets with intellectual resistence to iniciate its actions(Guzzetta , 1995).Music can help us to initiate psychological movement by modifying our mental states and cuing us towards more positive affirmations such as sad to cheerfull,discouraged to hopefull,or plain to peaceful.Music has an essential ability to create another world of virtual time(Blaking,1990).Menuhin(1972) reveals furthur that Music creates order out of chaos, for rhythm imposes unanimity upon the divergent ,melody imposes continuity among the disjointed,and harmony imposes compatibility among the incongruous.Listening to music can create and expand out internal space where we can retreat from the norms and the reality of the world.This is achieved by creating an internal imaginative world of sound which is rich in symbolism and personal meaning,and allowing us to revisit the emotional context of particular memories(Bunt,1996). According to Sloboda(1989) ,the reason most of us take part in musical activities is that music is capable of arousing in us deep and significant emotions.These emotions range from the aeshetic delight in sound construction,through emtions such as joy or sorrow which music sometimes enhances to simple relief from boredom of depression.The music itself cannot have extra musical meaning unless the experience to which it refers already exists in the mind of the listener.When music has similar connections with human life,then it can make people more aware of feelings they experienced by intensifying the emotions.Particular music can help in moving painful memories or the unresolved issues in life .Stor(1992) also refers this arousal as being a condition of heightned alertness,awareness,interest and excitement.He also believes that apart from the relations between seeing an emotional arousal,the relation between hearing and emotional arousal is stronger. Campball(1992), observed that when we communcate with the emotional centres of our being such as through the use of music,we can better reduce stress and achieve a sense of welbeing.Music can also help in achieving peace and relaxation (Ortiz ,1997). Diamond (1979) suggests that music can be an important part of primary preventative health care at a psychosocial level. Bunt(1996) shows that how music can be used to assist people in realizing their feelings, going beyond their everyday experiences, resolving hurts and pain and appraising significant live events. Music can also evoke memories of the emotional context of past events and times and aid people to explore issues for a different angle and retrieving events and emotions. Music evokes not only the memories of past time but also the emotional context of those times(Bunt,1997).It has been reported that music is an activity that the healthy impaired talented and interested enjoy, because it provides them with a relief from their stress ,anxiety, depression and mourning(Blacking,1995).Music coupled with personal attention and care of other people, can provide gratification and restore a sense of worth to people who may be experiencing depression or low self-esteem (Crystal, Grober Masur,1989). According to Spingte (1998), music is the most intense means of emotional communication. In view of Hallan, S Price, J. (1998), calming music led to better participant performance on arithmetic and memory tasks. Music can align patterns of emotions, structures of consciousness and / or psychic energy (Stewart, 1990). Thus, music has great influences on a listener. It can take the mind and body to do spontaneous things whether they are good or bad. Depending on the type of music and the inner message it has, music can influence a person and his/her actions (Cassidy, 2008). Happiness There has been a surge of interest in Positive Psychology during the last quarter of this century. There has been a huge amount of interest and research on happiness, wellbeing and satisfaction among all positive fields (Diener 1995).The classic definition of happiness by Jeremy Bentham(1800s) is that happiness is the sum of pleasures and pains. Happiness  is a state of mind or feeling characterized by contentment, love, satisfaction, pleasure, or  joy.It is a positive emotional state that is defined by every person on a subjective level. The term subjective well-being is used as a synonym for happiness. Happiness is defined as an overall appraisal of life, where the good and the bad is balanced (Diener Scolon, 2003). Happiness in this older sense was used to translate the Greek Eudemonia, and is still used in virtue ethics.(Wikipedia). Happiness is a belief about yourself and the outside world. You can be doing something you normally experience as pleasurable but not be happy. Pleasure is born from the external world; happiness is born from the internal workings of our own minds. Martin Seligman,( 2002) one of the founders of positive psychology, describes happiness as consisting of positive emotions and positive activities. He categorizes emotions related to the past, present and future. Positive emotions relating to the past include satisfaction, contentment, pride and serenity. Positive emotions relating to the future include optimism, hope and trust. Veenhoven (1997) has defined happiness or subjective well-being as the degree to which one judges the quality of his life favorably. According to Schwartz and Strack (1999), even very minor incidents in life can affect the level of happiness. The findings of a Pakistani research have shown that number of happy people is more than that of unhappy people and that the eastern people have higher levels of happiness than western people. Work satisfaction, social support, religious affiliation, social class, income level, and marital status and satisfaction were found to be predictors of happiness (Suhail, Chaudary, 2004).Individual differences in the levels of happiness also have significance. Theories of happiness The theories of happiness have been divided into three types, Need/goal satisfaction theories, Process/activity theories, Genetic/personality predisposition theories (Diener et al, 2002). Psychoanalytic and humanistic theorists believed that reduction in tension and satisfaction of needs lead to the achievement of happiness. It was theorized that people were happy as they had achieved their goals. (Compton, 2005). According to the process/activity theorists, participating in activities generates happiness. Csikszentmihalyi (1990) proposed that people who indulge in interesting and challenging activities, and thus experience the feelings of flow, are happier. Emmons (1986) has also emphasized how pursuing goals generates happiness. The genetic/personality theorists view happiness as a stable construct. A Research by Costa and McCrae (1986) proved that happiness is based on personality and genetics. Lucas (1996) also found in a research that personality traits were closely related to happiness. Keyes and Lopez (1995) presented another model of happiness. They defined happiness as a complete state of mental health while combining many principles of pleasure. They defined emotional happiness as the presence of positive affect and life satisfaction with the absence of negative affect. Social happiness was achieved by incorporating acceptance, actualization, contribution, coherence and integration. However, self acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, autonomy and positive relations with others were the components of achieving psychological well-being, Most of recent researches agree with idea of happiness being a combination of psychological, emotional, and physical well-being. Causes of Happiness Sex: No significant differences have been seen between the levels of happiness of men and women (Nolen-Hoeksema Rusting, 1999).In a study by Wood,Rhodes Whelan (1989), it was found that women report slightly higher levels of happiness. Fujita, Diener Sandvick (1991) also reported that women showed greater capacity for joy. Shayam and Yadev (2006) found that elderly men scored higher on well-being as compared to elderly women. However the impact of gender accounts for only 1 percent of variability in happiness in people. Finances: Financial status is related to happiness, however with an increase the effect diminishes (Diener, 1997).Diener (1995) found that positive correlations existed between the GDP and subjective well being of fifty five nations. According to Keely,(2000) increase in income does not lead to increase in happiness.Most people are happy regardless of their material wealth(Diener , 1996). Marital status: Research has shown that married people are happier as compared to unmarried, divorced, separated or widowed people. Shields Wooden (2003) found that married women and men were consistently happier than unmarried men and women. Education: Education has greater affect on the happiness levels of people with lower incomes (Campbell, 1976).Education appears to have only small direct influence on happiness. Culture: Diener Lucas (1999) found that some nations appear to be more emotional than other nations. It was found that people in individualistic cultures had higher subjective well-being as compared to collectivistic cultures. (Ball, 2001). Health: Physical health is strongly related to levels of happiness. If one is physically healthy he/she would have higher levels of happiness as compared to a person who is sick. According to physicians, Brief, Butcher, George Link (1993) a strong correlation exists between subjective well-being and health. Religion: Many researches support that people who are religious tend to be happier. Studies have found that engagement in religious activities is significantly related to higher well-being (Donahue Benson, 1995).James Peacock and Margret Poloma (1999) found that ones perceived closeness to God was a very strong predictor of happiness. Life Events: The number of positive events correlate with positive affect at .33 in people whereas, the average intensity of positive affect when subjects were feeling happy correlated with happiness at .25 (Schimmack, Diener Oishi 2002).Happiness correlate with a number of friends and the relationships with them (Diener Lucas, 1999).Peak experiences however have been found to be due to religion music or other intense activities. Thus, immense research has been done on the effects of music on physical as well as mental health which has shown promising results.

Achetypal Works of Dystopian Literature Essay -- Essays Papers

Achetypal Works of Dystopian Literature The endeavor to achieve utopia, the best existence obtainable to humanity, is a response to the problems present in society. It is a way of dealing in the imagination with these problems, suggesting an ideal for society to strive towards. From Plato’s Republic on, however, utopia has had a characteristic shortcoming. Huxley observed that the inhabitants of Utopia are radically unlike human beings. Their creators spend all their ink and energy in discussing, not what actually happens, but what would happen if men and women were quite different from what they are and from what, throughout recorded history, they have always been (Kennedy 44). The search for utopia continues strongly today, except in place of the traditional, constructive, positive utopias, we have what is almost a new literary strain-utopia in reverse, cacotopia, the worst of all possible worlds (Herzog 74). This anti-utopian society is one in which characters lead dehumanized lives because a utopian ideal has fallen apart or gone afoul of its original intent. The main characters in dystopian novels are often trapped in their lives and struggling to escape; these novels usually intend to criticize existing social conditions and political systems. While utopian literature portrays ideal worlds, dystopian literature depicts the flaws and failures of imaginative societies. Often these societies are related to utopias, and the dystopian writers have chosen to reveal shortcomings of those social systems previously considered ideal (Booker 10). Many critics rank Aldous Huxely’s Brave New World and George Orwell’s novel Nineteen Eighty-Four as two model works of dystopian literature (Cushing 521). Both novels ... ...ter with Wendy Cole, â€Å"What Ever Happened To Play?† in Time Magazine, April 28, 2001. Available http://www.time.com/time/education/printout/0,8816,107264,00.html. Kluger, Jeffrey, â€Å"Next Up: Prozac,† in Time Magazine, Vol. 152, No. 22, November 30, 1998. Available http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1998/dom/981130/cover_story.the_age_of_4a.html. McMichael, Charles T., â€Å"Aldous Huxley’s ‘Island’: The Final Vision,† in Studies in the Literary Imagination. Vol. 1, No. 2, April, 1968. Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc., 1981. Schellenberg, James, â€Å"Review of George Orwell’s 1984,† in George Orwell. New York: Penguin, 1984. Anonymous, â€Å"Are We Living in an Orwellian World?† Available http://www.newspeak.com/Newspeak.htm. von Hoffman, Nicholas, â€Å"Huxley Vindicated,† in The Spectator, Vol. 249, No. 8036, July 17, 1982.

It is never too late to give up our prejudices

People have always been and always will be prejudiced. There are prejudices of all kinds. Some have prejudices about skin color or religion, others about nationality or sexuality or something else. And other people are prejudiced about everything that they do not consider normal. Henry David Thoreau said: â€Å"It is never too late to give up our prejudices†. And for some people It Is true: they outgrow their prejudices and learn to be more unbiased.Then there are those who retain their prejudices all theirs life. People do not like to admit that they are wrong, so the latter are unfortunately the majority In our world. We can all agree that most prejudices are taught to us by our parents and the environment we grow up In. In the period of Nazism children In Germany and other Nan countries were taught from birth to hate Jews and Gypsies. It was the policy of government and It was dangerous to behave differently. Nowadays the majority of those people's descendants do not have t hese prejudices.They have learnt from their forefathers' mistakes and now are a lot more tolerate. Of course, there are still those who hate people of different nationality in different countries. There are still a lot of hate crimes, in which the victim is targeted because of his or her race, religion, sexuality and so on. While it is true that there are people so bigoted they can never let go of their prejudices, there are others who change theirs views and abandon their prejudiced ways. People are usually biased against things they have no idea about.So for them to let go of these prejudices they must learn about different things, get to know all kinds of people, make friends and try to see things from their point of view. Then they will be able to understand that different does not mean weird or freaky. Normality is overrated anyway. Everybody is deferent in one way or another. We are not robots after all to be the same. To be different, not like everybody else is wonderful. It does not make you a freak. Unfortunately people are afraid of those who are not like them and we usually hate something we fear.There was the UK Klux Klan in the USA. It was a secret organization of White Protestant Americans, mainly in the South, who used violence against Blacks, Jews, and other minority groups. They used to terrorize those they did not like. And these minority groups could very rarely find protection and Justice: if o were Black you had little to no rights. There are a lot films made and books written about this. Now the USA government proclaims tolerance: all people are equal under the law, have the same rights and responsibilities.Things change, people are too. It is the way of life. In my opinion, all people should be equal. We are all human beings at the end of the day. We all can and must learn to be as open- minded as possible. We must learn to live without hate and fear. These feelings nobody ever made happy. Therefore a life with no prejudices Is better th an with them. Our prejudices†. And for some people it is true: they outgrow their prejudices and unfortunately the majority in our world.We can all agree that most prejudices are taught to us by our parents and the environment we grow up in. In the period of Nazism children in Germany and other Nazi countries were taught from birth to hate Jews and Gypsies. It was the policy of government and it was dangerous to behave different in one way or another. We are not robots after all to be the same. To be Unfortunately people are afraid of those who are not like them and we usually hate nobody ever made happy. Therefore a life with no prejudices is better than with

The Lewis And His Influence On The Church Today - 1280 Words

C.S. Lewis is one of the most profound and well-known theologians of the twentieth century. His writings and ideas have played an incredible influence on the Church today. Lewis served as a professor at Oxford university as well as an army officer during the First World War (BBC). Throughout his life, Lewis understood the importance of friendship through significant relationships within his own life. His mother died when he was ten, which caused him to grow closer to his older brother Warren. In college, Lewis connected particularly to a friend named Arthur Greeves over their mutual love for Nordic mythology. As far as the relationships that Lewis held, he is best known for his relations with the literary discussion group known as â€Å"The†¦show more content†¦Lewis describes friendship as being the forgotten love, because it is so different from the other loves. This is because Philia is the least natural love meaning humans do not have a biological or instinctual need fo r it. Most people lead perfectly fine lives without it. It is also considered forgotten because so few experience it fully in our modern world. Friendships can often be uncomfortable because of the level of vulnerability and self-disclosure involved in them. They require as Lewis puts it, â€Å"naked personalities† (Lewis 71). It may initially be disliked or untrusted by some who view friendship as a threat. This is because friendship can lead to strengthened opinions and new ideas. Another reason as to why few experience it is because some confuse it with homosexuality. Lewis addresses this point by saying those that confuse friendship for homosexuality have â€Å"never had a friend† (61). Friendship and the actions within it do not suggest homosexuality. It is the same actions with very different implications that would suggest homosexuality. There are a lot of reasons as to why people do not engage in philia love, but Lewis understands that true philia is incredibly beautiful. There are many different types of friendship, Lewis argues, such as companionship and friendship among romantic lovers. A true friend is found when individuals â€Å"discover that they have in common some insight or interest or taste which others do not share†¦ [which